Programming languages and what each of them does

Programming languages are artificially created expressions that programmers use to instruct a machine how to accomplish the goal originally set in the specification. There are many classifications of languages, but broadly according to their purpose we can divide them into specialized languages and general purpose languages.

Briefly about specialized languages

There are probably thousands of them, each created for some specific purpose. But there are also specialized programming languages that are more widely used and better known. These are, for example, the languages in which databases are written. 75% of the database management system (DBMS) market is held by Oracle DBMS, Microsoft SQL Server and MySQL, but there are others. SQL is a specialized language for DBMS connection. PL/SQL (introduced by Oracle in the late 1980s) is a procedural extension of the declarative language SQL.

The programming languages in which databases are written work only in the database environment and are used for procedures that run in the database itself. It represents records located in files on disk arrays. In addition, there is a server that runs a database management system (DBMS) – one or many processes running on the servers that write to and read from these records on the disk arrays. The server part of the database is a group of processes that write to and read from the disk arrays. In these processes, you can program the procedure that runs on the database server with the PL SQL database language. Database programming takes place in the database environment. The program runs there.

Another interesting example of a general purpose programming language is JavaScript. It was originally created as a language to automate web pages, but it gradually evolved from a specialized language to a general-purpose language. We’ll talk more about it and its transformation in the following lines.

General purpose programming languages

They are also called general-purpose languages, general-purpose languages or interactive languages. These programming languages are used to describe a particular algorithm that starts from one state of the data and after a certain number of steps takes the data to another state, namely the final result.

90% of the programmers in the world work in them. Commercial software is written in these languages.

Java

This language is similar to C++. When it was created, it was advertised as a language that would be Internet-based and modern. Programs written in it are updated (upgraded) when they are run. For example, as happens when Android apps are launched. Java is a multi-purpose language, except that web-based applications are written in it, not operating systems. In a three-layer architecture, Java runs at the business level – the second level.

There is Garbage Collection. This makes the programmer’s job easier because he doesn’t have to think about what to do with the memory he has allocated but no longer needs. This ease, however, comes at the price of lower performance – the language is large and doesn’t always run fast enough. The program runs a few tens of percent slower than if it were written in C. It has been owned by Oracle since 2009.

Software written in Java: Android, embedded Android apps, games and web-based content.

Python

Very simple and tidy language, easy to write, easy to remember the syntax. It is a very expressive language and also has a Garbage Collection. On par with Java, it has one of the largest library arrays. But some of its libraries are at the student project level – they are not maintained, bugs are not cleaned up and programmers are unhappy. Python is now at the level of Java before Oracle bought it. However, we can say that there is a bright future for this language and there is more to see from it. It is facing great competition in the form of Java Script

Software written in Python: software related to the Internet of Things and artificial intelligence. Giants Google and Facebook use it extensively in their developments.

JavaScript

This is the language that most programmers in the world are currently writing in. A huge amount of software is written in it. At the beginning, it was a specialized language created to automate web pages. It has evolved over the years and is now a separate language with a general purpose. A large number of libraries have been created for JavaScript. Every Internet Explorer or Google Chrome implementation has some extensions to JavaScript, and one JavaScript may not work equally well on different browsers. Right now, this language is something huge.

In recent years JavaScript has been standardized, here is a link to the standard https://www.ecma-international.org/publications/standards/Ecma-262.htm

Software written in JavaScript: this is a scripting language, you don’t write separate software in it, but rather parts of it – for example user interfaces of web-based applications.

C++

It builds on the C language. Over the years it has become an overly large programming language. But it can be used to program literally anything. A lot of software has been written and continues to be written in it.

C++ has all the disadvantages of C and all the extras of other languages. For example, you can run the Garbage Collection on it. C++ has several standards named after the years they came out – 1998, 2003, 2011 is a huge step forward as if it were another C++, 2014 and 2017 with more new stuff. Next year the 2020 standard comes out – another very big step forward. It’s like the first language has multiplied by 3 and there are now three C++ languages.

C++ is getting very big as the years go by. It gets that way because the language is constantly incorporating techniques and programming features from other languages – support for traces and new ways to communicate. Some companies have given up on using it as a complete concept, and only use parts and standards of it. C++ violates the axiom of keeping software simple.

Software written in C++: can be used to write ANYTHING you can think of.

C

The language was invented in labs and in production (in programming). C is the simplest language but the hardest to write in, with the least things to use to help the programmer. C is the oldest of the general-purpose, object-oriented languages. It is a language for system programming – programs that make peripherals (drivers), operating systems work.

Programs written in C work very close to the processor and to memory, very fast systems, use everything to the maximum extent. The language is EASY to learn, but it is hard and slow to write in, hard to find errors, and the inexperienced programmer can make big mistakes with it. It contains only 32 keywords. The problem is that the language itself gives you many degrees of freedom, but unfortunately with this much freedom most of the things you do are against you.

C e a sharp knife with which you can “hurt” yourself if you don’t know how to use it. C is faster than C#, however C# is faster and easier to write in. Those who master it will eventually have a foundation for most general-purpose programming languages that descend from C.

Software written in C: operating systems, drivers.

C#

One of a family of #(sharp)-languages: C#, F#, M#, Q#, etc. It is Microsoft’s answer to Java. And it has the Garbage Collection. The huge advantage, maybe they’ll pass Java with this, is that they offer a huge framework with everything you can think of for this language. Ready-made components for everything, well-downloaded, and easy to link together. Medium sized programs are quickly made in this language. The language has well developed parsing systems that help you clean up your mistakes quickly.

It offers more features than Java. Many people write in this language. A lot of people switched from Java to this language because it’s easier, faster, and has a lot of ready-made stuff. They get everything right when they start. They have one of the best development environments – Visual Studio for C, C++ and C#.

Software written in C#: programs for and parts of Windows itself, PlayStation Suite, Xbox, Windows Phone, Kaspersky Internet Security

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Daniela has over 6 years of experience as a programmer with various technologies in diverse projects, including installers, replication servers, and cloud services. In recent years, she has been developing Cloud Services using Java and Spring. Daniela loves to teach because it gives her the opportunity, by sharing her knowledge and experience, to help her students start a successful IT career.

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